X-SAMPA

Розширений фонетичний алфавіт SAM (Extended SAM Phonetic Alphabet) — варіант SAMPA, розроблений у 1995 році, професором фонетики . Він був сформований для уніфікації SAMPA алфавітів окремих мов й розширити SAMPA таким чином, що включити в нього увесь набір символів міжнародного фонетичного алфавіту.

В резутаті утворилася система відображення міжнародного фонетичного алфавіту за допомогою семибітових кодів ASCII.

Коротко

Примітки

• Ті символи МФА, які зображаються звичайними малими буквами латинського алфавіту зберегли свої значення в X-SAMPA.

• X-SAMPA використовує обернений слеш (\) для створення нових символів. Наприклад, звук O відрізняється від O\

настільки, що не має з ним нічого спільного.

• X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for ~ for nasalization, = for syllabicity, and ` for retroflexion and rhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character _.
• The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar.
• The numbers _1 to _6 are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.

Малі літери

X-SAMPA	IPA	IPA	Опис	Приклад
a	a		неогублений голосний переднього ряду низького піднесення	French dame [dam], Spanish padre [«paD4e]
b	b		voiced bilabial plosive	English bed [bEd], French bon [bO~]
b_<	ɓ		voiced bilabial implosive	Sindhi ɓarʊ [b_<arU]
c	c		voiceless palatal plosive	Hungarian latyak [»lAcAk]
d	d		voiced alveolar plosive	English dig [dIg], French doigt [dwa]
d`	ɖ		voiced retroflex plosive	Swedish hord [hu:d`]
d_<	ɗ		voiced alveolar implosive	Sindhi ɗarʊ [d_<arU]
e	e		close-mid front unrounded vowel	French ses [se]
f	f		voiceless labiodental fricative	English five [faIv], French femme [fam]
g	ɡ		voiced velar plosive	English game [geIm], French longue [lO~g]
g_<	ɠ		voiced velar implosive	Sindhi ɠəro [g_<@ro]
h	h		voiceless glottal fricative	English house [haUs]
h\	ɦ		voiced glottal fricative	Czech hrad [h\rat]
i	i		неогублений голосний переднього ряду високого піднесення	English be [bi:], French oui [wi], Spanish si [si]
j	j		palatal approximant	English yes [jEs], French yeux [j2]
j\	ʝ		voiced palatal fricative	Greek γειά [j\a]
k	k		voiceless velar plosive	English scat [sk{t], Spanish carro [«kar:o]
l	l		ясенний боковий апроксимант	English lay [leI], French mal [mal]
l`	ɭ		retroflex lateral approximant	Svealand Swedish sorl [so:l`]
l\	ɺ		alveolar lateral flap	Japanese phoneme /r/
m	m		bilabial nasal	English mouse [maUs], French homme [Om]
n	n		ясенний носовий приголосний	English nap [n{p], French non [nO~]
n`	ɳ		retroflex nasal	Swedish hörn [h2:n`]
o	o		close-mid back rounded vowel	French gros [gRo]
p	p		voiceless bilabial plosive	English speak [spik], French pose [poz], Spanish perro [»per:o]
p\	ɸ		voiceless bilabial fricative	Japanese fuku [p\M_0kM]
q	q		voiceless uvular plosive	Arabic qasbah [«qQs_Gba]
r	r		alveolar trill	Spanish perro [»per:o]
r`	ɽ		retroflex flap
r\	ɹ		alveolar approximant	English red [r\Ed]
r\`	ɻ		retroflex approximant	Malayalam വഴി [«v6r\`i]
s	s		voiceless alveolar fricative	English seem [si:m], French session [se»sjO~]
s`	ʂ		voiceless retroflex fricative	Swedish mars [mas`]
s\	ɕ		voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish świerszcz [s\v'erStS]
t	t		voiceless alveolar plosive	English stew [stju:], French raté [Ra"te], Spanish tuyo [«tujo]
t`	ʈ		voiceless retroflex plosive	Swedish mört [m2t`]
u	u		close back rounded vowel	English boom [bu:m], Spanish su [su]
v	v		voiced labiodental fricative	English vest [vEst], French voix [vwa]
v\ (or P)	ʋ		labiodental approximant	Dutch west [v\Est]/[PEst]
w	w		labial-velar approximant	English west [wEst], French oui [wi]
x	x		voiceless velar fricative	Scots loch [lQx]
x\	ɧ		voiceless palatal-velar fricative	Swedish sjal [x\A:l]
y	y		close front rounded vowel	French tu [ty] German über [»y:b6]
z	z		voiced alveolar fricative	English zoo [zu:], French azote [a"zOt]
z`	ʐ		voiced retroflex fricative	Mandarin Chinese rang [z`aN]
z\	ʑ		voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish źrebak [«z\rEbak]

Великі літери

XS	IPA	IPA	Опис	Приклад
A	ɑ		open back unrounded vowel	English father [»fA:D@(r\)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
B	β		voiced bilabial fricative	Spanish lavar [la"Ba4]
B\	ʙ		bilabial trill	Reminiscent of shivering («brrr»)
C	ç		voiceless palatal fricative	German ich [IC], English human [«Cjum@n] (broad transcription uses [hj-])
D	ð		voiced dental fricative	English then [DEn]
E	ɛ		open-mid front unrounded vowel	French même [mEm], English met [mEt]
F	ɱ		labiodental nasal	English emphasis [»EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [Emf-])
G	ɣ		voiced velar fricative	Greek γωνία [Go"nia], Danish vælge [«vElG@]
G\	ɢ		voiced uvular plosive	Inuktitut nirivvik [niG\ivvik]
G\_<	ʛ		voiced uvular implosive	Mam ʛa [G\_<a]
H	ɥ		labial-palatal approximant	French huit [Hi]
H\	ʜ		voiceless epiglottal fricative
I	ɪ		near-close near-front unrounded vowel	English kit [kIt]
I\	Ɨ		central lax close unrounded vowel, not in IPA	Polish ryba [rI\bA]
J	ɲ		palatal nasal	Spanish año [»aJo], English canyon [«k{J@n] (broad transcription uses [-nj-])
J\	ɟ		voiced palatal plosive	Hungarian egy [EJ\]
J\_<	ʄ		voiced palatal implosive	Sindhi ʄaro [J\_<aro]
K	ɬ		voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Welsh llaw [KaU]
K\	ɮ		voiced alveolar lateral fricative
L	ʎ		palatal lateral approximant	Italian famiglia [fa»miLa], Castilian llamar [La"mar], English million [«mIL@n] (broad transcription uses [-lj-])
L\	ʟ		velar lateral approximant
M	ɯ		close back unrounded vowel	Korean 으 (eu)
M\	ɰ		velar approximant	Spanish fuego [»fweM\o]
N	ŋ		velar nasal	English thing [TIN]
N\	ɴ		uvular nasal	Japanese san [saN\]
O	ɔ		open-mid back rounded vowel	British English thought [TO:t], American English off [O:f]
O\	ʘ		bilabial click
P (or v\)	ʋ		labiodental approximant	Dutch west [PEst]/[v\Est], allophone of English phoneme /r\/
Q	ɒ		open back rounded vowel	British English lot [lQt]
R	ʁ		voiced uvular fricative	French roi [Rwa]
R\	ʀ		uvular trill	German phoneme /r/
S	ʃ		voiceless postalveolar fricative	English ship [SIp]
T	θ		voiceless dental fricative	English thin [TIn]
U	ʊ		near-close near-back rounded vowel	English foot [fUt]
U\	ʊ̵		central lax close rounded vowel, not in IPA
V	ʌ		open-mid back unrounded vowel	RP English strut [str\Vt]
W	ʍ		voiceless labial-velar fricative	Scots when [WEn]
X	χ		voiceless uvular fricative	Klallam sχaʔqʷaʔ [sXa?q_wa?]
X\	ħ		voiceless pharyngeal fricative	Arabic <ح>ha’ [X\A:]
Y	ʏ		near-close near-front rounded vowel	German hübsch [hYpS]
Z	ʒ		voiced postalveolar fricative	English vision [«vIZ@n]

Інші символи

XS	IPA	IPA	Опис	Приклад
.	.		syllable break
»	ˈ		primary stress
%	ˌ		secondary stress
' (or _j)	ʲ		palatalized
:	ː		long
:\	ˑ		half long	Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
-			separator
@	ə		schwa	English arena [@"r\i:n@]
@\	ɘ		close-mid central unrounded vowel	Paicĩ kɘ̄ɾɘ [k@\_M4@\_M]
{	æ		near-open front unrounded vowel	English trap [tr\{p]
}	ʉ		close central rounded vowel	Swedish sju [x\}:]; AuE/NZE boot [b}:t]
1	ɨ		close central unrounded vowel	Welsh tu [t1], American English rose's [«r\oUz1z]
2	ø		close-mid front rounded vowel	Danish købe [»k2:b@], French deux [d2]
3	ɜ		open-mid central unrounded vowel	English nurse [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
3\	ɞ		open-mid central rounded vowel	Irish tomhail[t3\:l']
4	ɾ		alveolar flap	Spanish pero [«pe4o], American English better [»bE4@`]
5	ɫ		velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _e	English milk [mI5k]
6	ɐ		near-open central vowel	German besser [«bEs6], Australian English mud [m6d]
7	ɤ		close-mid back unrounded vowel	Estonian kõik [k7ik], Occurs in Vietnamese
8	ɵ		close-mid central rounded vowel	Swedish buss [b8s]
9	œ		open-mid front rounded vowel	French neuf [n9f], Danish drømme [dR9m@]
&	ɶ		open front rounded vowel
?	ʔ		гортанна змичка	Danish stød [sd2?], Cockney English bottle [»bQ?l]
?\	ʕ		voiced pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ع‎ (`ayn) [?\Ajn]
*			undefined escape character, SAMPA's «conjunctor»
/			indeterminacy in French vowels
<			begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA)
<\	ʢ		voiced epiglottal fricative
>			end nonsegmental notation
>\	ʡ		epiglottal plosive
^	↑		upstep
!	↓		downstep
!\	ǃ		postalveolar click
			minor (foot) group
\	ǀ		dental click
|			major (intonation) group
\|\	ǁ		lateral alveolar click
=\	ǂ		palatal click
-\	̮		linking mark

Діакритичні знаки

XS	IPA	IPA	Опис
_"	̈		centralized
_+	̟		advanced
_-	̠		retracted
_/	ˇ		rising tone
_0	̥		voiceless
_<			implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
= (or _=)	̩		syllabic
_>	ʼ		ejective
_?\	ˤ		pharyngealized
_\	ˆ		falling tone
_^	̯		non-syllabic
_}	̚		no audible release
`	˞		rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
~ (or _~)	̃		nasalization
_A	̘		advanced tongue root
_a	̺		apical
_B	̏		extra low tone
_B_L			low rising tone
_c	̜		less rounded
_d	̪		dental
_e	̴		velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5
<F>			global fall
_F	̂		falling tone
_G	ˠ		velarized
_H	́		high tone
_H_T			high rising tone
_h	ʰ		aspirated
_j (or ')	ʲ		palatalized
_k	̰		creaky voice
_L	̀		low tone
_l	ˡ		lateral release
_M	̄		mid tone
_m	̻		laminal
_N	̼		linguolabial
_n	ⁿ		nasal release
_O	̹		more rounded
_o	̞		lowered
_q	̙		retracted tongue root
<R>			global rise
_R	̌		rising tone
_R_F			rising falling tone
_r	̝		raised
_T	̋		extra high tone
_t	̤		breathy voice
_v	̬		voiced
_w	ʷ		labialized
_X	̆		extra-short
_x	̽		mid-centralized

Також дивіться

• (IPA)
• * , a language-specific predecessor of X-SAMPA.
• , an unofficial, extended version of X-SAMPA used for * * , a similar system.

Посилання

• Computer-coding the IPA: A proposed extension of SAMPA
• Online converter between IPA and X-Sampa